ICU家庭探视期间医护人员关怀行为的内涵与特征分析

doi:10.3761/j.issn.2096-7446.2026.05.018

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目的识别ICU家庭探视中医护人员人文关怀行为特征，为促进ICU人文关怀实践发展提供参考。方法系统检索国内外网站及数据库中有关ICU家庭探视实践的内容，检索时限为自建库至2025年10月10日。采用定向内容分析法归纳探视实践过程中医护人员的关怀行为特征。结果最终纳入文献31篇，包括随机对照试验18篇、系统评价3篇、标准或指南3篇、共识4篇、证据总结3篇。ICU家庭探视期间医护人员的关怀行为可归纳为5个主题、18个类目，主题分别为了解个体需求、给予有效陪伴、提供实际帮助、赋能家庭参与、关怀实施的促进策略，其中“赋能家庭参与”主题频次最高（31次），而“给予有效陪伴”主题频次最低（15次）。结论医护人员在ICU家庭探视中的关怀行为由一系列可以被学习和实践的行为组成。在组织支持下，医护人员应秉持积极信念，进一步围绕了解需求、有效陪伴、实际帮助和赋能家庭的关怀实践核心来开展探视工作，以持续推进ICU人文关怀实践。

关键词: 重症监护病房, 医护人员, 探视, 人文关怀, 内容分析法

Abstract:

Objective To explore the characteristics of caring behaviors of medical staff in ICU visiting，aiming to provide references for promoting the development of humanistic care practice in ICU. Methods A systematical research was conducted across domestic and foreign databases from the establishment of databases to October 10，2025. Directed content analysis was applied to summarize the characteristics of medical staff’s caring behaviors during ICU visiting. Results A total of 31 studies were finally included，consisting of 18 randomized controlled trials（RCTs），3 systematic reviews，3 standards or guidelines，4 consensuses，and 3 evidence summaries. The caring behaviors of medical staff in ICU visiting were categorized into 5 themes and 18 subcategories，including understanding individual needs，providing emotional companionship，offering practical assistance，enabling family capabilities，and facilitating strategies for care implementation. Among the themes，enabling family capabilities was recorded with the highest frequency（31 times），while providing emotional companionship had the lowest frequency（15 times）. Conclusion The care practice of medical staff during ICU visiting consists of a series of behaviors that can be learned and practiced. With organizational support，medical staff should uphold positive beliefs and further conduct ICU visitation practices centering on the core caring practices，including understanding patients’ needs，providing effective companionship，offering practical assistance and empowering family members，so as to continuously advance the development of humanistic care practices in the ICU.

Key words: Intensive Care Units, Medical Staff, Visiting, Humanistic Care, Content Analysis Method

刘利, 甘秀妮, 高燕, 杨睿琦. ICU家庭探视期间医护人员关怀行为的内涵与特征分析[J]. 中华急危重症护理杂志, 2026, 7(5): 623-630.

LIU Li, GAN Xiuni, GAO Yan, YANG Ruiqi. Analysis of the connotation and characteristics of medical staff ’s caring behaviors during family visits in the ICU[J]. Chinese Journal of Emergency and Critical Care Nursing, 2026, 7(5): 623-630.

图/表 2

参考文献 40

[1]	Goldfarb M, Alviar C, Berg D, et al. Family engagement in the adult cardiac intensive care unit:a survey of family engage-ment practices in the cardiac critical care trials network[J]. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes, 2023, 16(9):e010084.
[2]	中国生命关怀协会. 重症监护病房成人患者人文关怀规范[EB/OL].(2025-01-15)[2025-10-10]. https://www.ttbz.org.cn/StandardManage/Detail/131294.
	China Association for Life Care. Standard of humanistic care for adult patients in intensive care unit[EB/OL].(2025-01-15)[2025-10-10]. https://www.ttbz.org.cn/StandardManage/Detail/131294.
[3]	de Souza JMB, Miozzo AP, da Rosa Minho Dos Santos R, et al. Long-term effects of flexible visitation in the intensive care unit on family members’ mental health:12-month results from a randomized clinical trial[J]. Intensive Care Med, 2024, 50(10):1614-1621. doi: 10.1007/s00134-024-07577-3
[4]	陈娟, 张超, 任婕, 等. 以家庭为中心的探视模式对机械通气患者康复效果的影响[J]. 河北医药, 2023, 45(23):3671-3673, 3677.
	Chen J, Zhang C, Ren J, et al. Study on the effect of family-centered visitation mode on the rehabilitation of patients managed by mechanical ventilation[J]. Hebei Med J, 2023, 45(23):3671-3673,3677.
[5]	Atasoy E, Aydin A, Gurkan R, et al. Investigating the impact of the family interaction model on the anxiety and mental well-being of patients during visit restrictions in intensive care units:a mixed-methods study[J]. Nurs Crit Care, 2025, 30(3):e70046. doi: 10.1111/nicc.v30.3
[6]	Renthlei L, Ramesh RS, Thulasingam M, et al. A study to as-sess the psychosocial needs of patient family members in the intensive care unit in India[J]. Acute Crit Care, 2024, 39(3):420-429. doi: 10.4266/acc.2023.01116
[7]	陈睿, 朱大乔, 张杰玉, 等. 内容分析法的关键步骤及在护理领域的应用展望[J]. 护理学杂志, 2025, 40(12):125-129.
	Chen R, Zhu DQ, Zhang JY, et al. Key steps of content analysis and future prospects for its application in the field of nursing[J]. J Nurs Sci, 2025, 40(12):125-129.
[8]	陆华贞, 金园园, 李惠玲. 3种内容分析法在护理质性研究中的应用进展[J]. 中华护理杂志, 2024, 59(11):1405-1409. doi: 10.3761/j.issn.0254-1769.2024.11.018
	Lu HZ, Jin YY, Li HL. Research progress on the application of 3 common types of content analysis in the qualitative studies of nursing[J]. Chin J Nurs, 2024, 59(11):1405-1409. doi: 10.3761/j.issn.0254-1769.2024.11.018
[9]	吴兰心, 张艳, 高月, 等. Swanson关怀理论实践研究进展[J]. 护理研究, 2022, 36(20):3670-3673.
	Wu LX, Zhang Y, Gao Y, et al. Research progress on the prac-tice of Swanson’s Theory of Caring[J]. Chin Nurs Res, 2022, 36(20):3670-3673.
[10]	邵嵘青, 王彧. 国内道德创伤研究的进展与展望:基于NVivo12的质性研究[J]. 中国医学伦理学, 2024, 37(2):239-247.
	Shao RQ, Wang Y. Progress and prospects of moral injury research in China:a qualitative research based on NVivo12[J]. Chin Med Ethics, 2024, 37(2):239-247.
[11]	Woo HY, Oh SY, Lim L, et al. Efficacy of virtual visitation in ICU during COVID-19 pandemic:the ICU visits randomized controlled trial[J]. Crit Care Med, 2024, 52(12):e593-e603. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000006429
[12]	Nazari-Ostad Z, Namazinia M, Hajiabadi F, et al. Effect of protocol-based family visitation on physiological indicators in ICU patients:a randomized controlled trial[J]. BMC Anesthe-siol, 2024, 24(1):18.
[13]	Yuan C, Xiao YY, Wang F, et al. The effect of video visita-tion on intensive care unit patients and family members out-comes during the COVID-19 pandemic:a randomised control-led trial[J]. Intensive Crit Care Nurs, 2023, 76:103394. doi: 10.1016/j.iccn.2023.103394
[14]	白玉玲, 刘振峰, 焦莹莹, 等. CICARE沟通模式结合人文关怀在危重症患者家属探视沟通中的应用[J]. 河南医学研究, 2023, 32(19):3612-3616.
	Bai YL, Liu ZF, Jiao YY, et al. Application of CICARE com-munication mode combined with humanistic care in visit and communication of family members of critically Ⅲ patients[J]. Henan Med Res, 2023, 32(19):3612-3616.
[15]	熊小妹, 段玉波, 郑志琴. “云探视”在ICU患者探视管理中的应用[J]. 医疗装备, 2023, 36(13):115-117.
	Xiong XM, Duan YB, Zheng ZQ. Application of “cloud visita-tion” in ICU patient visitation management[J]. Med Equip, 2023, 36(13):115-117.
[16]	牟成华, 陈珺, 张正馨, 等. 弹性探视制度在ICU中应用的可行性分析[J/OL]. 中华危重症医学杂志(电子版), 2021, 14(1):80-82.
	Mu CH, Chen J, Zhang ZX, et al. Feasibility analysis of application of flexible visiting system in ICU[J/OL]. Chin J Crit Care Med Electron Ed, 2021, 14(1):80-82.
[17]	莫军, 康秀华, 王梅. 预约式探视制度结合限制性探视制度在ICU患者探视管理中的应用效果[J]. 当代医药论丛, 2020, 18(13):243-244.
	Mo J, Kang XH, Wang M. Effect of reservation visitation system combined with restrictive visitation system in ICU pa-tients visitation management[J]. Contemp Med Forum, 2020, 18(13):243-244.
[18]	陈海萍, 杨丹丹, 马杰. 以家庭为中心探视模式对重症监护病房综合征发生率的影响效果[J]. 中国药物与临床, 2020, 20(7):1227-1229.
	Chen HP, Yang DD, Ma J. Effect of family-centered visiting mode on the incidence of syndrome in intensive care unit[J]. Chin Remedies Clin, 2020, 20(7):1227-1229.
[19]	Rosa RG, Falavigna M, da Silva DB, et al. Effect of flexible family visitation on delirium among patients in the intensive care unit:the ICU visits randomized clinical trial[J]. JAMA, 2019, 322(3):216-228. doi: 10.1001/jama.2019.8766
[20]	刘健, 陈小红, 刘亚卿, 等. 医护一体化微信视频探视模式在减轻综合ICU清醒患者焦虑情绪中的应用[J]. 中国医药指南, 2019, 17(17):83-84.
	Liu J, Chen XH, Liu YQ, et al. Application of medical integ-ration WeChat video visiting mode in alleviating anxiety of conscious patients in comprehensive ICU[J]. Guide China Med, 2019, 17(17):83-84.
[21]	邬优优. 情境分析的多元化探视管理在ICU中的应用[J]. 中医药管理杂志, 2019, 27(10):68-69.
	Wu YY. Application of diversified visiting management of situational analysis in ICU[J]. J Tradit Chin Med Manag, 2019, 27(10):68-69.
[22]	崔英华, 李银平, 左汉恒, 等. CCFAP模式对CCU患者焦虑抑郁及家属满意度的影响[J]. 济宁医学院学报, 2019, 42(1):24-27.
	Cui YH, Li YP, Zuo HH, et al. The effects of CCFAP mode on the anxiety and depression of patients and family member’ s satisfaction in Cardiac Care Unit[J]. J Jining Med Univ, 2019, 42(1):24-27.
[23]	杨婷, 徐云霞, 邹玉婷. 家属按需探视制度对ICU护理服务质量的影响[J]. 基层医学论坛, 2018, 22(30):4352-4353.
	Yang T, Xu YX, Zou YT. Influence of family members’ visit-ing system on nursing service quality in ICU[J]. Med Forum, 2018, 22(30):4352-4353.
[24]	章伶俐, 陶雁. 家属弹性探视制度在ICU病房护理管理中的应用价值[J]. 中国继续医学教育, 2018, 10(9):192-193.
	Zhang LL, Tao Y. The application value of family elastic visitation system in the nursing management of ICU ward[J]. China Continuing Med Educ, 2018, 10(9):192-193.
[25]	葸英博, 段祥. CCFAP模式对ICU患者疾病应对方式及不良情绪的影响[J]. 实用临床医药杂志, 2016, 20(14):46-48,55.
	Xi YB, Duan X. The effect of CCFAP model on the coping style and negative mood of ICU patients[J]. J Clin Med Pract, 2016, 20(14):46-48,55.
[26]	陈雪丹, 陈玲玲, 潘璇璇. 家属按需探视制度对提升ICU护理服务质量的作用[J]. 中医药管理杂志, 2016, 24(20):156-157.
	Chen XD, Chen LL, Pan XX. The role of family members’ on-demand visit system in improving the quality of nursing service in ICU[J]. J Tradit Chin Med Manag, 2016, 24(20):156-157.
[27]	Vitorino ML, Henriques A, Melo G, et al. The effectiveness of family participation interventions for the prevention of deli-rium in intensive care units:a systematic review[J]. Intensive Crit Care Nurs, 2025, 89:103976. doi: 10.1016/j.iccn.2025.103976
[28]	Checa-Checa A, Medina-Maldonado V, Ramírez A, et al. Family support strategies during intensive care unit:a systematic review[J]. Inquiry, 2025, 62:469580251368654.
[29]	Park EJ, Seong J, Shin JW, et al. Communication intervention for families in adult intensive care units during COVID-19 pandemic:a systematic review[J]. Heart Lung, 2024, 68:175-190. doi: 10.1016/j.hrtlng.2024.07.004 pmid: 39024905
[30]	Hwang DY, Oczkowski SJW, Lewis K, et al. Society of critical care medicine guidelines on family-centered care for adult ICUs:2024[J]. Crit Care Med, 2025, 53(2):465-482.
[31]	Family visitation in the adult intensive care unit[J]. Crit Care Nurse, 2016, 36(1):e15-e18. doi: 10.4037/ccn2016677
[32]	Beerens S, Van Steenkiste L, Egerod I, et al. Expert consensus on research priorities for the prevention of delirium in adult ICU patients[J]. Intensive Crit Care Nurs, 2025, 91:104124. doi: 10.1016/j.iccn.2025.104124
[33]	Jeitziner MM, Jenni-Moser B, Zante B, et al. Family support in intensive care units during COVID-19 visit ban:a multina-tional Delphi study during first COVID-19 wave[J]. Intensive Crit Care Nurs, 2023, 74:103308. doi: 10.1016/j.iccn.2022.103308
[34]	Fiest KM, Krewulak KD, Hernández LC, et al. Evidence-infor-med consensus statements to guide COVID-19 patient visita-tion policies:results from a national stakeholder meeting[J]. J Can D’anesthesie, 2022, 69(7):868-879.
[35]	许娟, 莫蓓蓉, 胡玉娜, 等. 重症监护病房成人患者护理人文关怀专家共识[J]. 护理学杂志, 2022, 37(18):1-4.
	Xu J, Mo BR, Hu YN, et al. Expert consensus on nursing human caring for ICU adult patients[J]. J Nurs Sci, 2022, 37(18):1-4.
[36]	赵佳琪, 武文静, 程晓凡, 等. ICU探视期间家属参与护理的最佳证据[J]. 临床与病理杂志, 2025, 45(1):55-64.
	Zhao JQ, Wu WJ, Cheng XF, et al. Best evidence for family involvement in care during ICU visitation[J]. J Clin Pathol Res, 2025, 45(1):55-64.
[37]	杨飞, 张美洁, 王晨威, 等. 家属参与ICU患者谵妄管理的最佳证据总结[J]. 中华现代护理杂志, 2025, 31(5):638-645.
	Yang F, Zhang MJ, Wang CW, et al. Summary of best evide-nce for family participation in delirium management of ICU patients[J]. Chin J Mod Nurs, 2025, 31(5):638-645.
[38]	郭绮莹, 董燕燕, 凌冬兰, 等. 以患者-家庭为中心照护模式在成人ICU应用的最佳证据总结[J]. 中华急危重症护理杂志, 2024, 5(10):950-956.
	Guo QY, Dong YY, Ling DL, et al. Summary of the best evidence of patient- and family-centered care in adult ICUs[J]. Chin J Emerg Crit Care Nurs, 2024, 5(10):950-956.
[39]	Yoo HJ, Shim J. Effects of a person-centred care intervention in an intensive care unit:using mixed methods to examine nurses’ perspectives[J]. J Nurs Manag, 2020, 28(6):1295-1304.
[40]	Bala N, Brar AS, Attri JP, et al. A cross-sectional study to assess the perceived and unmet needs of the relatives/family members of patients admitted in intensive care unit[J]. Indian J Psychiatry, 2025, 67(4):436-440. doi: 10.4103/indianjpsychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_853_24