Objective To develop an evaluation index system of treatment timeliness quality for emergency severe trauma patients and to evaluate its effectiveness. Methods Based on three-dimensional quality structure model，the literature search，group discussion，Delphi method and analytic hierarchy process were used to determine the contents and weight of evaluation index system. Patients with severe trauma admitted to the emergency rescue room of a tertiary grade A hospital in Nantong City from March to May 2024 were selected as the control group，patients from June to August were in the experimental group. Both groups of patients followed the established rescue process for severe trauma patients in our hospital for nursing care. The quality control in the experimental group was implemented by the quality control standards and checklists based on the constructed evaluation indicators for emergency treatment of severe trauma patients. The implementation status of indicators by nurses were compared between the two groups. Results The evaluation index system included 3 first-level indexes，13 second-level indexes and 40 third-level indexes. Effective recovery rates of two rounds of expert consultation were 86.67% and 100%，expert authority coefficients were 0.800 and 0.840 respectively，coefficients of concordance were 0.284 and 0.321，the coefficients of variation for each item in the 2nd round of correspondence were 0.01~0.21. After the implementation of evaluation indicators，significant improvements were observed in compliance rates for blood type and CBC sample delivery within 10 minutes，blood transfusion completion within 30 minutes，and CT scan completion within 30 minutes，with statistically significant differences（P<0.05）. Additionally，nurses demonstrated marked improvement in completing initial pain assessments and body temperature monitoring（P<0.05）. However，most indicators did not demonstrate a sustained significant improvement trend in subsequent dynamic evaluations. Conclusion The constructed evaluation indicators of treatment timeliness quality for emergency severe trauma patients is scientific，reliable and comprehensive，which can provide reference for implementing standardized and detailed nursing care for acute severe trauma patients.