Objective To analyze the current status and influencing factors of self-management ability of pulmonary rehabilitation training in patients after mechanical heart valve replacement surgery，and provide reference for the development of effective pulmonary rehabilitation intervention plans. Methods Through convenience sampling，201 eligible patients who underwent mechanical heart valve replacement surgery at a tertiary hospital in Yunnan Province from November 2023 to March 2024 were selected as the study subjects. A comprehensive survey was conducted on patients using a general information questionnaire，a self-management scale for patients after mechanical heart valve replacement surgery，a pulmonary rehabilitation self-efficacy index scale，and a concise quality of life scale. Through multiple stepwise regression analysis，factors affecting the self-management ability of lung rehabilitation training in patients after mechanical heart valve replacement surgery were identified. Results Multiple stepwise regression analysis showed that gender，age，average monthly household income，educational level，presence of other chronic diseases，self-efficacy in pulmonary rehabilitation，and quality of life were the main influencing factors on the self-management ability of pulmonary rehabilitation training in patients after cardiac mechanical valve replacement surgery. Conclusion The self-management ability of pulmonary rehabilitation training for patients undergoing mechanical heart valve replacement surgery urgently needs to be improved，and is influenced by many factors. Medical staff should take various measures to improve the self-management ability of patients undergoing mechanical heart valve replacement surgery，thereby enhancing self-efficacy and improving quality of life，providing scientific basis for reducing the occurrence of postoperative pulmonary complications.